Lacing (Crown Thinning): 

Selective pruning to reduce density of live branches. Includes the removal of dead, diseased, or weak wood, and low hanging & crossing branches as well as excess suckers or water sprouts.

Crown Reduction: 

The reduction of the size of a tree, using drop-crotch pruning (a trimming cut which removes the terminal portion of a large branch back to a lateral branch large enough to assume a terminal role).

Shaping: 

Improving artistic & structural form of a tree using drop crotch pruning.

Raising: 

Removing low hanging branches back to a lateral branch large enough to assume a terminal role.

Heading: 

Cutting an older branch or stem back to a stub in order to meet a defined structural objective. Also called Topping. NOT A RECOMMENDED PRACTICE!

Cabling & Bracing: 

Cabling is the attachment of high strength cable between weak or structurally unsound branches in a tree. Bracing uses bolts or threaded rods to rigidly secure weak co-dominant stems, split crotches, or split trunks.

Deep Root Fertilization & Aeration: 

The application of essential nutrients (as needed) using soil fracturing (aeration) techniques.